by Tom Gurney
Tom Gurney BSc (Hons) is an art history expert with over 20 years experience
Published on June 19, 2020 / Updated on November 2, 2026
Email: tomgurney1@gmail.com / Phone: +44 7429 011000
Child Drinking Milk from a Bowl by Mary Cassatt: Introduction
A child bends towards a pale bowl, bringing its rim close to the mouth. A spoon projects to the left, while the head and gathered hands concentrate attention on the small act of drinking. The red-brown hair and warm face stand out against a dark background; below them, a loose, cool-toned garment spreads into broad folds.
The composition is provisionally identified as Mary Cassatt’s Child Drinking Milk from a Bowl, a pastel dated about 1890 in the Smithsonian’s art inventory and associated with number 165 in Adelyn Dohme Breeskin’s 1970 catalogue. The inventory is a record of the work, rather than evidence that the Smithsonian owns it. [1]
Two kinds of corroboration support that identification. The image agrees with the public reproduction in a secondary auction index, while publicly available catalogue snippets describe a left-facing child drinking from a white bowl, a large-handled spoon and initials at the lower right. The original catalogue illustration has not been inspected. Exact dimensions, mounting and present location consequently remain unspecified here. [2] [3]
At a Glance
- ArtistMary Cassatt; qualified identification [1] [3]
- TitleChild Drinking Milk from a Bowl; provisionally identified composition [1] [2] [3]
- DateAbout 1890, following inventory and catalogue text [1] [3]
- MediumPastel, following inventory and catalogue text [1] [3]
- CatalogueQualified identification with Breeskin 1970 no. 165 / IAP 82190315 [1] [3]
- DimensionsNot independently established
- Present locationNot independently established
This work across Mary Cassatt’s career
The Letter
1890–91 [8]Child Drinking Milk — qualified identification (current article)
About 1890, following inventory and catalogue text [1] [3]Modern Woman
1892–93; displayed in 1893 [9] [10] [11]The Boating Party
1893–94 [12]The Child's Bath
1893 [13]Woman with a Sunflower
About 1905 [15]Young Woman in Green Outdoors in the Sun
About 1914 [16]Contents
- Head, bowl and hands
- Warm hair, cool clothing and a dark field
- Reading a pastel surface
- A comparison in concentrated attention
Head, bowl and hands
The lowered head gives the composition its direction. The child faces towards the left, but the face also inclines downwards towards the bowl. Hair occupies a large rounded area above the forehead. Below it, the profile narrows to the nose and mouth, bringing the most precise part of the face into contact with the vessel’s light edge.
The bowl is both an object being used and a clear shape within the picture. Its curved upper edge crosses the darker surrounding colours, while its pale side makes a compact rounded form beneath the face. The rim appears close enough to conceal part of the drinking action. Cassatt does not need to show an open mouth or a stream of liquid for the relationship between head and bowl to be legible.
At the left, the spoon extends beyond the main cluster. Its slender handle provides a different direction from the curved rim and the sloping face. Because it reaches into darker space, it can be followed independently before the eye returns to the hand. That small projection prevents the central arrangement from becoming an entirely closed oval of head, fingers and bowl.
The fingers gather around the vessel and utensil rather than resting idly in the lap. Lower down, the bent arm connects that small activity with the larger clothed body. Folds radiate from the bend and run across the chest and shoulder. Following them upwards returns attention to the hands, making the garment participate in the action instead of functioning simply as a backdrop for the face.
The narrow space between the mouth, rim and hand is worth examining slowly. Each element partly obscures another, yet their different edges remain understandable. This overlap gives the act of drinking a physical specificity. A bowl held at another height, or a head turned towards us, would produce a substantially different picture even if the subject retained the same title.
Warm hair, cool clothing and a dark field
The hair supplies the largest warm colour mass. Red, brown and orange passages curve around the head, with lighter marks catching its upper surface. The face below is also warm, but lighter and less heavily marked. The transition makes the facial profile emerge from the hair without requiring a strong dark contour around every feature.
The garment shifts towards grey-green, with yellow and warmer marks interrupting the cooler area. Its broad shoulder at the right gives the figure volume, while folds below the bowl carry the eye down and out. The face is therefore held between two substantial shapes: the rounded hair above and the spreading clothing beneath and beside it.
The background is dark but visibly varied. Looser coloured marks keep it from reading as a perfectly flat black screen. Against that field, the bowl, forehead and hand become the clearest light accents. The contrast concentrates attention around the action while allowing parts of the garment to merge more softly with their surroundings.
The framing matters as much as the colour. We see a closely cropped upper body, with little room for furniture or a larger interior. That closeness makes the relationship between objects and gestures especially important. It does not, by itself, tell us the child’s circumstances, the location of the sitting or whether the scene records an ordinary meal.
Watch: Mary Cassatt
Choose a film to explore the artist’s work, its interpretation and its wider setting.
Demonstrating Mary Cassatt's Color Printmaking Techniques
The Philadelphia Museum of Art demonstrates techniques used to make Cassatt’s colour prints.
Watch on YouTubeReading a pastel surface
The inventory and catalogue text identify the medium as pastel. That material can combine linear strokes with broader areas of colour, which makes it useful to look separately at the hair, cheek, background and clothing. Here the reproduction presents a contrast between more continuous facial tones and more visibly broken marks elsewhere. [1] [3]
Marjorie Shelley’s technical essay in American Pastels in the Metropolitan Museum of Art explains general alternatives in pastel handling, including hatching, blending and allowing the support to remain visible between marks. These principles help a viewer understand the range of effects available in Cassatt’s drawings and pastels. They do not establish exactly which tools Cassatt used on this particular work. [17]
In particular, the colour seen between strokes cannot safely be assigned an original paper hue from this reproduction alone. Nor can a soft passage prove that a finger or blending stump made it. Visible effects are a useful starting point for looking; object-specific claims about support, fixative or treatment require evidence beyond a general explanation of the medium.
A comparison in concentrated attention
In Young Mother Sewing, Cassatt also gives a small action a strong compositional role. The adult looks towards sewing held near her chest, while a child beside her looks out towards the viewer. The Metropolitan Museum dates that oil painting to 1900 and identifies its sitters as unrelated models. [14]
The comparison shows how hands and gaze can describe attention without telling an elaborate story. In Child Drinking Milk, the lowered face, bowl and fingers converge around one activity. In Young Mother Sewing, the adult’s concentration coexists with the child’s outward gaze. One picture gathers attention inward; the other divides it between a task and the spectator.
Their different framing is equally useful. The sewing picture includes two people and a more extensive interior, giving the viewer several relationships to consider. The bowl composition places one figure much closer to the edge and leaves the small vessel conspicuous against a dark field. The comparison concerns the organisation of looking, rather than an assumed connection between the models or occasions.
Young Mother Sewing.
Cassatt artworks and studies
A source-bounded directory of documented works and studies, including the works in the National Gallery’s 2026 checklist and one clearly marked former attribution. Different print impressions are grouped by design and remain searchable by their recorded accessions. This is not a complete catalogue raisonné. Unlinked titles have no individual article here.
| Name | Date | Medium |
|---|---|---|
| A Child’s Bath — LACMA oil | 1880 | Oil on canvas |
| A Goodnight Hug | 1880 | Pastel |
| After the Bullfight | 1873 | Oil on canvas |
| Afternoon Tea Party | 1890–91 | Colour print |
| At the Theatre (Lydia Cassatt Leaning on Her Arms, Seated in a Loge) | About 1879 | Pastel |
| Automne, portrait de Lydia Cassatt | 1880 | Oil on canvas |
| Breakfast in Bed | 1897 | Oil on canvas |
| Bust of Ellen with Bows in Her Hair | 1898 | Pastel |
| By the Pond | About 1896 in Met and Terra records; about 1898 at MoMA | Not established |
| Child Drinking Milk from a Bowl; provisionally identified composition (qualified identification) | About 1890, following inventory and catalogue text | Pastel |
| Child in a Straw Hat | About 1886 | Oil on canvas |
| Child Picking a Fruit | 1893 | Oil on canvas |
| Children Playing on the Beach | 1884 | Oil on canvas |
| Clarissa, Turned Left, with Her Hand to Her Ear | About 1890–93 in Sotheby’s 2012 entry; about 1893 in GCMA notice | Pastel |
| Denise at her Dressing Table | About 1908–09 | Oil on canvas |
| Driving | 1881 | Oil on canvas |
| Eddy Cassatt (Edward Buchanan Cassatt) | 1875 | Oil on canvas |
| Ellen Mary Cassatt in a White Coat | About 1896 | Oil on canvas |
| Emmie and her Child | About 1890 | Oil on canvas |
| Gathering Fruit | About 1893 | Not established |
| Girl Arranging her Hair | 1886 | Oil on canvas |
| Head of a Child with a Red Hat | 1903, signed and dated | Pastel |
| Head of a Woman in a Large Hat | About 1909 | Pastel |
| Head of Simone in a Green Bonnet with Wavy Brim | About 1904 | Pastel |
| In the Garden | 1903 or 1904 | Oil on canvas |
| In the Loge | 1878 | Oil on canvas |
| In the Omnibus | 1890–91 | Colour print |
| In the Omnibus [recto] — preparatory drawing | c. 1891 | Chalk and graphite |
| In the Opera Box (No. 3) [recto] — preparatory drawing | 1880 | Graphite |
| In the Opera Box (No. 3) — print | c. 1880 | Intaglio print |
| Jeune fille au jardin (Young Woman Sewing in a Garden) | 1880–82 | Oil on canvas |
| Jules Dried by His Mother; provisionally identified composition (qualified identification) | 1901, following catalogue text | Oil on canvas |
| Lady in Black, in a Loge, Facing Right | c. 1880 | Etching |
| Lilacs in a Window | About 1880–83 | Oil on canvas |
| Little Girl in a Blue Armchair | 1878 | Oil on canvas |
| Louise Nursing her Child | 1899 in Luxembourg caption; 1898–99 in loan and Arp records | Pastel |
| Madame Gaillard and Her Daughter Marie-Thérèse | 1897, Reynolda collection listing | Pastel |
| Maternal Caress | 1890–91 | Not established |
| Maternal Caress — preparatory drawing | About 1891 | Charcoal and graphite |
| Mathilde Holding a Baby Who Reaches out to the Right | About 1889, Christie’s catalogue | Pastel |
| Mimi as a Brunette | c. 1889 | Drypoint |
| Mimi Holding a Japanese Fan | c. 1889 | Drypoint |
| Modern Woman | 1892–93; displayed in 1893 | Not established |
| Mother about to Wash her Sleepy Child | 1880 | Oil on canvas |
| Mother and Child (Maternal Kiss) | 1896 | Pastel |
| Mother and Child (Nude Dark-Eyed Little Girl with Mother in Patterned Wrapper) | About 1898–99, Sotheby’s catalogue | Pastel |
| Mother and Child (The Oval Mirror) | About 1899 | Oil on canvas |
| Mother Berthe Holding Her Nude Baby | 1898–99 | Pastel |
| Mother in Purple Holding her Child | About 1914, Christie’s catalogue | Pastel |
| Mother Playing with Child | About 1897 | Pastel |
| Mother’s Kiss | 1890–91 | Colour print |
| Nurse Reading to a Little Girl | 1895 | Pastel |
| Poppies in a Field (formerly Cassatt; attributed to Victor Gabriel Gilbert) | About 1880, current museum record | Oil on panel |
| Portrait of an Elderly Lady | c. 1887 | Oil on canvas |
| Portrait of Madame AF Aude and her Two Daughters | 1899, Breeskin 1970 exhibition catalogue | Pastel |
| Portrait of the Artist | 1878 | Watercolour and gouache |
| Reading Le Figaro | 1878, NGA 2026 checklist; about 1877–78 in SAAM’s 2015 caption | Oil on canvas |
| Reflection — drypoint | c. 1890 | Drypoint |
| Sara Holding a Cat | About 1907–08 | Oil on canvas |
| Sara in a Green Bonnet | About 1901 | Oil on canvas |
| Sara with Her Dog, in an Armchair, Wearing a Bonnet with a Plum Ornament | 1901 | Pastel |
| Self Portrait | About 1880 | Watercolour and gouache |
| Simone in Blue Plumed Hat | About 1903 | Pastel |
| Simone Seated on the Grass next to her Mother | 1901–02 | Pastel |
| Sketch of Master St. Pierre | Date not established | Pastel |
| Sleepy Baby | About 1910 | Pastel |
| Smiling Mother with Sober Faced Child | Date not established | Pastel |
| Spanish Dancer Wearing a Lace Mantilla | 1873 | Oil on canvas |
| Summertime, horizontal painting | 1894–95, current Sotheby’s catalogue | Oil on canvas |
| Tea — print | c. 1890 | Drypoint |
| The Bath | 1890–91 | Not established |
| The Boating Party | 1893–94 | Oil on canvas |
| The Caress | 1902 | Oil on canvas |
| The Child's Bath | 1893 | Oil on canvas |
| The Coiffure | 1890–91 | Colour print |
| The Cup of Tea | About 1880–81 | Oil on canvas |
| The Fitting | 1890–91 | Colour print |
| The Lamp | 1890–91 | Colour print |
| The Letter | 1890–91 | Colour print |
| The Loge | About 1878–1880 | Oil on canvas |
| The Mandolin Player | 1868 | Oil on canvas |
| The Manicure (Les Ongles; The Nails) | About 1908 | Intaglio print |
| The Tea; Le Thé | About 1880 | Oil on canvas |
| The Visitor | c. 1880 | Intaglio print |
| Two Sisters | 1896 | Pastel |
| Two Women Seated by a Woodland Stream | About 1869 | Oil on canvas |
| Two Women Throwing Flowers During Carnival | 1872 | Oil on canvas |
| Under the Horse-Chestnut Tree | 1896–97, National Gallery and MoMA records | Not established |
| Woman Bathing (La Toilette) | 1890–91 | Colour print |
| Woman in a Loge (Woman with a Pearl Necklace) | 1879 | Oil on canvas |
| Woman Reading | 1878–79 | Oil on canvas |
| Woman Standing, Holding a Fan | 1878–79 | Distemper |
| Woman with a Fan | c. 1878–1879 | Oil on canvas |
| Woman with a Red Zinnia | 1891 | Oil on canvas |
| Woman with a Sunflower | About 1905 | Oil on canvas |
| Young Girl at a Window | c. 1883–1884 | Oil on canvas |
| Young Girl with Brown Hair, Looking Left | About 1913 (1997 summary catalogue) | Pastel |
| Young Mother Sewing | 1900 | Oil on canvas |
| Young Woman in Green, Outdoors in the Sun | About 1914 | Oil on canvas |
What the picture can tell us
The distinctive composition agrees with the secondary image and the original catalogue’s available descriptive text. The unrecovered original illustration leaves an important limit to that corroboration. The title, approximate date and medium can therefore be presented together with that limit, rather than extending confidence to every detail in later listings. [1] [2] [3]
No sitter’s name or family relationship is established here. The garment’s folds, colours and relation to the hands can be described directly; a social biography cannot be recovered from them. The most persuasive account begins with what the child is visibly doing and how Cassatt makes that action hold our attention.
Discussion
Look again at the images and ideas explored in Child Drinking Milk from a Bowl by Mary Cassatt. These editorial prompts invite your observations.
Reader Insights
A child bends towards a pale bowl, bringing its rim close to the mouth. What does this first detail make you notice?
The lowered head gives the composition its direction. How does it affect your reading of the whole work?
How do the spoon and the bowl’s rim help make the child’s action legible?
Join the Conversation
Share a detail, comparison or question about Child Drinking Milk from a Bowl by Mary Cassatt below.
References
- Smithsonian art inventories, Child Drinking Milk from a Bowl, siris_ari_197517, inventory record, IAP 82190315. View source.
- MutualArt, Child Drinking Milk from a Bowl, public image and listing dated 2 June 2024; secondary auction index. View source.
- Adelyn Dohme Breeskin, Mary Cassatt: A Catalogue Raisonné of the Oils, Pastels, Watercolors, and Drawings, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970; selected public search snippets, pages 91–92 and index page 316, not full entry or illustration. View source.
- Denver Art Museum, Whistler to Cassatt Access Guide, The Salon, stop 104. View source.
- Denver Art Museum, Whistler to Cassatt:American Painters in France, bilingual exhibition livret,The Salon,no2. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, Little Girl in a Blue Armchair, 1983.1.18. View source.
- Philadelphia Museum of Art, Driving, 1881. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, The Letter,1943.3.2763. View source.
- Art Institute of Chicago, Ryerson and Burnham Archives, Bertha Honoré Palmer Correspondence Collection finding aid, selected Mary Cassatt entries, Box1Folder3. View source.
- Museum of Modern Art, Mary Cassatt artist essay and print records. View source.
- MaudHoweElliott(ed.) / UniversityofIllinoisUrbanaChampaign scan, Art and Handicraft in the Woman’s Building of the World’s Columbian Exposition,Chicago,1893,Chicago:RandMcNally,1894. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, The Boating Party, 1963.10.94. View source.
- Art Institute of Chicago, The Child’s Bath,1910.2,current expanded collection entry. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Young Mother Sewing, 29.100.48. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, Woman with a Sunflower, 1963.10.98. View source.
- Sotheby’s, Young Woman in Green Outdoors in the Sun, Modern Day. View source.
- Marjorie Shelley, technical essay in American Pastels in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1989, especially printed pages 39–41; general material principles. View source.
- Art Gallery of Ontario, Cassatt–McNicoll:ImpressionistsBetweenWorlds. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Bath, 16.2.7. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, Children Playing on the Beach, 1970.17.19. View source.
- Colby College Museum of Art, Explore Inside Out: The Prints of Mary Cassatt; Mother Berthe Holding Her Nude Baby,2013.549. View source.
- Sotheby’s, syndicated auction catalogue hosted by Invaluable, Simone in Blue Plumed Hat, Watson collection, 18 May 2005, lot 20. View source.
- The Huntington, Breakfast in Bed, 83.8.6. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Private Collection of Edgar Degas: A Summary Catalogue, Cassatt entries, printed p.7, no.48. View source.
- Art Institute of Chicago, After the Bullfight, 1969.332. View source.
- Smithsonian American Art Museum, Art Inventories, After the Bullfight, siris_ari_180619. View source.
- Smithsonian American Art Museum, The Caress, 1911.2.1. View source.
- Museum of Modern Art, Under the Horse-Chestnut Tree,671.1940. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, Under the Horse-Chestnut Tree,1959.12.4. View source.
- Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Board of Trustees minutes,17September2020,loan recommendation7:ChildPickingaFruit75.18. View source.
- Cincinnati Art Museum, Les Ongles(The Nails;The Manicure),ca1908,1940.155,secondstate. View source.
- Sotheby’s, Clarissa Turned Left with Her Hand to Her Ear, 2012 lot 51. View source.
- Greenville County Museum of Art, Recent Acquisitions Funded by Sale of Alma Thomas Painting, 2021. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Coiffure,16.2.3. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cup of Tea, 22.16.17. View source.
- Sotheby’s, Mother and Child (Nude Dark-Eyed Little Girl with Mother in Patterned Wrapper), 19 May 2010, lot 31. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Denise at Her Dressing Table, 2005.129. View source.
- Denver Art Museum, Whistler to Cassatt exhibition guide, stop 112: Bust of Ellen with Bows in Her Hair. View source.
- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Ellen Mary in a White Coat, 1982.630. View source.
- Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Woman Standing Holding a Fan, 2011.20. View source.
- Smithsonian American Art Museum, Special Installation of Nineteen American Masterworks, 2015. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Fitting, 16.2.8 final state. View source.
- Reynolda House Museum of American Art, Mary Cassatt collection listing: Madame Gaillard and Her Daughter Marie-Thérèse, 1897. View source.
- Wake Forest University, Wake Women 2023 schedule, Highlighting the Art of Women at Reynolda, captioned Cassatt image. View source.
- Detroit Institute of Arts, In the Garden, 36629. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, Gathering Fruit,1943.3.2757. View source.
- Sotheby’s, A Goodnight Hug,N09860lot11,14May2018. View source.
- Sotheby’s, syndicated auction catalogue hosted by Invaluable, Head of Simone in a Green Bonnet with Wavy Brim, Watson collection,18May2005,lot39. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, Girl Arranging Her Hair, 1963.10.97. View source.
- Joslyn Art Museum, Art Break:Woman Reading,1943.38,program object caption. View source.
- Los Angeles County Museum of Art, A Child’s Bath, M.62.8.14. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, The Lamp, 5937. View source.
- Sotheby’s, Tête de Femme au Grand Chapeau, 2008 N08449 lot135. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Lilacs in a Window, 1997.207. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, The Loge,1963.10.96. View source.
- Arp Museum Bahnhof Rolandseck, Maestras: Malerinnen1500–1900,25February–16June2024,official five-page flyer. View source.
- Spanish official gazette / exhibition insurance schedule, BOE-A-2023-19808,21September2023,Maestras loan schedule. View source.
- Nationalmusée um Fëschmaart / ArpMuseum CollectionRauforUNICEF, Louise,NursingHerChild,1899,GR1.949;FromRenoirtoMonet2026–27. View source.
- Petit Palais / Paris Musées, Automne, portrait de Lydia Cassatt, PPP706; IIIF manifest 160008392. View source. (in French).
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Maternal Caress, 16.2.5. View source.
- Philadelphia Museum of Art, Mother and Child Maternal Kiss, object 54049. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Maternal Caress, preparatory drawing64.123.3, c1891. View source.
- Christie’s, Mathilde Holding Baby who Reaches out to Right, lot 5459369. View source.
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- Adelyn D. Breeskin / National Gallery of Art, Mary Cassatt 1844–1926, 1970 exhibition catalogue. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Nurse Reading to a Little Girl, 62.72. View source.
- National Gallery of Art, In the Omnibus, 46725. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Mother and Child (The Oval Mirror), 29.100.47. View source.
- Philadelphia Museum of Art, Woman in a Loge, 1978-1-5, object72182. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Mother Playing with Child, 22.16.23. View source.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, By the Pond,60.732bis. View source.
- Museum of Modern Art, By the Pond,673.1940. View source.
- Terra Foundation for American Art, By the Pond,1999.25. View source.
- Philadelphia Museum of Art, Poppies in a Field, attributed to Victor Gabriel Gilbert; formerly attributed to Mary Stevenson Cassatt, 1978-1-6. View source.
- Christie’s, Mother in Purple Holding Her Child, lot 5369421. View source.
- Sotheby’s, Tête d’enfant au chapeau rouge, American Art N09229, 20 November 2014, lot 39. View source.
- Christie’s, Sara Holding a Cat, lot 5561267. View source.
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- Sotheby’s, Simone Seated on the Grass Next to Her Mother, 30 September 2020, lot 33. View source.
- Dallas Museum of Art, Sleepy Baby,1952.38.M. View source.
- Sotheby’s, Smiling Mother with Sober Faced Child, 2022. View source.
- Smithsonian American Art Museum, Spanish Dancer Wearing a Lace Mantilla, 1967.40. View source.
- Spencer Museum of Art,University of Kansas, The Manicure,c1908,1991.0266. View source.
- Christie’s, Sketch of Master St Pierre, 2017 online lot. View source.
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- Wichita Art Museum, Mother and Child, M109.53. View source.
- Smithsonian American Art Museum, Art Inventories, Two Women Seated by a Woodland Stream / Duex femmes assises aupres de l’eau, IAP 80170008. View source.
- Tacoma Art Museum / David Setford, Impressionist Painting: From Pleasure Gardens to the Palais Garnier, 22 October 2019. View source.
- Tacoma Art Museum, French Impressionism and the Northwest, Works of Art Adoption Program, 2019–2020, no. 10 / PDF p. 12. View source.
